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ANA (antinuclear antibody)
ANA stands for antinuclear antibodies—antibodies that target molecules inside the cell nucleus. They are not a single substance but a family of self‑reactive antibodies made by immune B cells when tolerance to the body’s own tissues slips. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and can bind DNA, histones, and nuclear proteins (nuclear antigens). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Basophils
Basophils blood testing looks at a rare class of white blood cell called the basophil. Basophils form in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream with granules packed with fast-acting chemical signals (granulocyte; histamine, heparin, leukotrienes). The test simply measures how many basophils are present in your blood at a given time (basophil count/percentage), offering a window into this small but potent immune cell population. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Basophils, Absolute
Basophils, Absolute—Blood Testing measures the actual number of basophils circulating in your blood. Basophils are a rare subset of white blood cells (leukocytes) loaded with dark granules (granulocytes). They are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells along the myeloid lineage and then released into the bloodstream. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
CCP antibody
CCP antibody blood testing looks for antibodies your immune system makes against small protein fragments called cyclic citrullinated peptides. These peptides appear when an enzyme changes one protein building block (arginine) into citrulline during inflammation (citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase, PAD). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Celiac Disease Comprehensive Panel
The Celiac Disease Comprehensive Panel gauges whether your immune system is mounting an autoimmune response to gluten that damages the small intestine. By measuring celiac‑specific antibodies (such as tissue transglutaminase and endomysial) alongside total IgA, it connects gut integrity with nutrient absorption, blood health, bone strength, skin, nerves, and even fertility and growth. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
dsDNA antibody
Anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies are immune proteins that bind the body’s own DNA. They are autoantibodies (anti‑dsDNA) produced by B cells that have lost self‑tolerance, often after nuclear material from dying cells is exposed. These antibodies circulate in the blood and recognize native double‑stranded DNA (dsDNA) from the cell nucleus. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (granulocytic leukocytes) made in the bone marrow. After maturing, they pass through the bloodstream briefly before settling in tissues, especially the gut, lungs, and skin. An eosinophil blood test measures how many of these cells are circulating at a given moment. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Eosinophils, Absolute
Eosinophils, Absolute is the measured number of eosinophils circulating in your blood. Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (granulocyte) made in the bone marrow under signals such as interleukin‑5 (IL‑5). They contain enzyme‑filled packets (cytoplasmic granules) that stain reddish‑orange and circulate briefly before moving into tissues like the lungs, gut, and skin. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR)
The Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) is a simple snapshot of immune balance in the bloodstream. It compares the number of lymphocytes to the number of monocytes, both types of white blood cells (leukocytes) measured on a standard differential count. Lymphocytes are the targeted, memory-building cells of the immune system (T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells), born in the bone marrow and maturing in lymphoid organs such as the thymus and lymph nodes. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes blood testing measures how many lymphocytes are circulating in your blood. Lymphocytes are a major type of white blood cell born in the bone marrow from blood-forming stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells). They include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells (B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Lymphocytes, Absolute
“Lymphocytes, Absolute (blood)” is the count of lymphocytes circulating in your bloodstream. Lymphocytes are a major class of white blood cells (leukocytes) from the lymphoid lineage. They originate in the bone marrow; T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, and natural killer cells (NK cells) arise from the same lineage. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR)
The monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) is a simple number that compares two types of white blood cells in your bloodstream. It comes from the counts of monocytes and lymphocytes measured in a routine blood test. Both cell types are made in the bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cells) and circulate in peripheral blood. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Monocytes
Monocytes blood testing assesses the level of monocytes in your circulating blood. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) produced in the bone marrow (hematopoietic marrow). They travel in the bloodstream for a short time, then migrate into tissues where they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Monocytes, Absolute
Monocytes, Absolute (blood testing) measures the number of monocytes circulating in your bloodstream. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) produced in the bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue). They travel in blood for a short time before moving into organs and tissues, where many mature into cleanup and sentinel cells called macrophages and dendritic cells. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte & Platelet Ratio (NLPR)
The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte & Platelet Ratio (NLPR) is a composite number derived from a standard complete blood count. It combines three cell types that circulate in your blood: neutrophils (innate immune granulocytes), lymphocytes (adaptive immune T and B cells), and platelets (thrombocytes involved in clotting). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple calculation from a routine blood sample that compares two white blood cell populations. Neutrophils are rapid-response defenders made in the bone marrow that patrol the bloodstream and tissues for microbes and injury (innate immunity, granulocytes). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant front-line white blood cells, made in the bone marrow from the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Packed with microbe‑killing granules, they circulate briefly in the blood before moving into tissues. A neutrophils blood test measures how many of these cells are present in your bloodstream at that moment, capturing the circulating pool available for rapid defense (absolute neutrophil count, ANC) and their proportion among white cells (neutrophil fraction). At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Neutrophils, Absolute
“Neutrophils, absolute” is the actual number of neutrophils circulating in your blood (absolute neutrophil count, ANC). Neutrophils are the most numerous white blood cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) produced in the bone marrow from stem cells through the granulocyte lineage (myelopoiesis). After maturing, they are released into the bloodstream and quickly patrol tissues; they live hours to a few days. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Platelet-to-WBC Ratio
The Platelet-to-WBC Ratio is a simple index calculated from a standard blood count that compares the number of platelets to the number of white blood cells. Platelets (thrombocytes) are small cell fragments released from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and circulate to help prevent bleeding. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody that targets other antibodies—most commonly an IgM antibody that recognizes the tail end of IgG (the Fc portion). It is produced by B cells that mature into antibody‑secreting plasma cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and inflamed joint lining (synovium), and it circulates in the bloodstream where it can be measured on a blood test. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
White Blood Cells (WBC)
White blood cells are the body’s mobile defenders. A white blood cell (WBC) blood test measures the total number of these immune cells circulating in your bloodstream at a given moment. White blood cells (leukocytes) are made in the bone marrow from blood‑forming stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) and released into the blood and lymph. At home blood testing is available in select states. See FAQs below
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